What causes dark circles under the eyes?

Dark circles under the eyes are rarely caused by a single factor. In most people, they reflect a combination of skin changes, anatomy and age-related structural loss rather than pigmentation alone.

Dark circles are one of the most common reasons patients seek advice about the eye area. Many assume they are caused by tiredness or pigmentation, but in reality the causes are usually more complex. Understanding what actually causes dark circles is essential, as it helps guide safe and appropriate treatment choices.

Skin thinning and increased transparency

One of the most important causes of dark circles is thinning of the under-eye skin. This is the thinnest skin on the face and naturally loses collagen and support as we age.

As the skin becomes thinner, the underlying muscle and blood vessels become more visible. These deeper structures have a purple-red colour, which shows through the skin and creates the appearance of darkness. This is why many dark circles are not true pigmentation, but a problem of skin transparency.

Absence of sebaceous (oil) glands

The under-eye area is unique because it contains no sebaceous glands. Without natural oil production, this skin is more prone to dehydration and environmental stress.

• Skin dries out more easily
• Barrier function is weaker
• Ageing changes appear earlier

Shadowing caused by normal facial anatomy

Another major cause of dark circles is normal facial anatomy. The cheek naturally rises and then drops into the bony eye socket, creating what is known as the tear trough.

This change in contour creates a shadow, particularly in overhead lighting. In many people, this shadow is mistaken for pigmentation.

Age-related loss of fat and bone

What many people are unaware of is that both fat and bone volume reduce in the under-eye and cheek area with age. This deepens the tear trough and exaggerates shadowing.

These structural changes are normal, but they also explain why the under-eye area must be treated with extreme caution. Interventions that weaken support structures can worsen appearance rather than improve it.

For this reason, despite its many benefits elsewhere, botulinum toxin is not an appropriate treatment for the lower or lateral under-eye area. Weakening the orbicularis oculi muscle can contribute to muscle atrophy, flattening of youthful contours, altered blink mechanics and impaired lymphatic drainage.

The role of skincare in managing dark circles

Retinol-based night care

Retinol can play a valuable role by stimulating collagen production and supporting skin thickness over time. When used correctly, it can strengthen the delicate under-eye skin and reduce the visibility of underlying colour.

I often recommend Skin Diary Night Repair Therapy, which is designed to support overnight skin regeneration while remaining suitable for delicate areas when introduced gradually.

Daytime protection with SPF

Daily UV exposure accelerates collagen breakdown and worsens skin thinning. A broad-spectrum SPF is essential for protecting the under-eye area.

I frequently recommend Skin Diary Age Defence Day Cream, which combines high-level UV protection with DNA repair enzymes and antioxidants. These help repair daily environmental damage and support skin brightness in this fragile area.

Treatment considerations – safety first

Because dark circles are usually multifactorial, treatment must be approached cautiously. The under-eye area contains important blood vessels, lymphatics and muscles.

Treatments I strongly advise avoiding

I always strongly advise against cannula-based filler injections under the eyes. Cannula use in this area can disrupt delicate lymphatic drainage, leading to persistent swelling and worsening under-eye puffiness.

Intradermal polynucleotides

In selected cases, intradermal polynucleotides may be considered to improve hydration and skin quality. These treatments aim to support regeneration rather than alter structure and can be administered with local anaesthetic to remain almost pain-free.

BBL for patients who prefer non-injectable options

For those who prefer to avoid injections, BBL (BroadBand Light) can be a useful option in selected patients. It can help improve skin quality and tone without needles or significant downtime. Learn more about BBL treatments.

Frequently asked questions about the causes of dark circles

Are dark circles genetic?

Genetics can influence skin thickness and anatomy, which may predispose some people to dark circles, but ageing and environmental factors also play a significant role.

Why do dark circles look worse in certain lighting?

Overhead or harsh lighting exaggerates shadows created by the tear trough and under-eye contour, making dark circles appear more pronounced.

Do dark circles always need treatment?

No. Dark circles are often a normal anatomical feature. Treatment should only be considered if they are bothersome and after proper assessment.

Individual assessment is essential

Because dark circles are rarely caused by one factor alone, a personalised assessment is essential before considering any treatment.

If you would like a medical assessment to understand the specific causes of your dark circles, you are very welcome to arrange a consultation with me.

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Read: Why do I have dark circles under my eyes?